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History of the Orthodox Church
The Orthodox Church trace its history back to the Apostles and Jesus Christ. Apostolic succession established the seats of Patriarchy (for example see the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem). Orthodoxy reached its golden age,or Byzantine Empire, when it spread to the Bulgarians, Serbs, and Russians. After the Fall of Constantinople it continued to flourish in Russia as well as within the Ottoman Empire amongst the latter's Albanian, Bulgarian, Cypriot, Georgian, Greek, Romanian, Serbian, and Syrian Christian subject peoples. Numerous autocephalous churches have since been established in Southern and Eastern Europe.
Four stages of development can be distinguished in the history of the Orthodox churches. Early Christianity, which is roughly the first three centuries through the early age of Constantine the Great, constitutes the Apostolic and ancient period. The Byzantine period, beginning with the First seven Ecumenical Councils, comprises over eleven centuries from the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Ottoman period starts, roughly, for the Greek and Balkan communities in the fifteenth century with the Fall of Constantinople, and ends about the year 1830, which marks Greek and Serbian independence from the Ottoman Empire. The last stage is the modern period.
The Orthodox churches with the largest number of adherents in modern times are the Russian and the Romanian Orthodox churches. The most ancient of the Orthodox churches of today are the churches of Armenia, Constantinople, Alexandria, Ethiopia, Georgia, Antioch and Jerusalem.〔Tomas Spidlik, ''The Spirituality of the Christian East: A systematic handbook'', Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1986. ISBN 0-87907-879-0〕〔Kallistos Ware, ''The Orthodox Church'', St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, London, 1995. ISBN 978-0-913836-58-3〕〔Robert Payne, ''The Holy Fire: The Story of the Fathers of the Eastern Church'', St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-913836-61-3〕
==Early Christianity==
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